Lubricant Additives Market Size, Share, Trends, Growth Outlook

The global Lubricant Additives market is estimated to be $20.2 Billion in 2023 and is poised to register 5.2% growth over the forecast period from 2023 to 2030.

The market growth is predominantly driven by improved engine efficiency and fuel economy, reduction of wear, friction, and heat in machinery, compliance with environmental regulations, tailored solutions for specialized industries, demand driven by technological advancements, rise of bio-based and eco-friendly options, and others.

 

Market Analysis- An introduction to Lubricant Additives market, 2023

Lubricant additives are organic or inorganic compounds mixed with lubricants and functional fluids for improving their performance including enhancement of existing base oil properties, suppression of undesirable base oil properties, and impart new properties to base oils. The addition to base stocks results in efficient operation and prolonged engine life.

A combination of a few additives is being observed, which imparts more than one functionality to the end-use vertical. For instance, new additives have been developed which maintain functionality and engine protection while reducing the amount of conventional metallo-organic active additive components.

It is a research and development-intensive industry, with leading companies continuously focusing on improving the performance of lubricant additive types. Pour point depressants (PPDs), viscosity modifiers (VMs), dispersants, detergents, anti-wear and extreme pressure, and antioxidant and corrosion inhibitors are examples of additives generally used worldwide.

 

Global Lubricant Additives Market Size Outlook to 2028

Market Dynamics

Market Trend- Strong Demand from Automotive Industry in 2023 and beyond

Globalization in the automotive and transportation industry resulted in increased adoption of engineered plastics, which is strengthening the demand for both mono-grade and multi-grade additives. The transportation sector, in particular, the automotive industry is the main consumer of lubricant additives worldwide.

To improve the functionality of a vehicle’s interior properties including improving fuel efficiency, reducing carbon emissions, friction reduction, corrosion inhibition, anti-wear, anti-oxidant, viscosity index improvement, and other functions, automakers often use lubricant additives in engines, steam turbines, gears, hydraulic systems, and others.

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations in North America and the drive towards fuel efficiency across markets will support the use of plastics, which drives lubricant additives market growth.

 

Market Driver- Rapid Industrialization Rate in Emerging Markets

Rapid industrialization in the Asia Pacific and Latin American countries including China, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Brazil, and Argentina is encouraging these countries to be the most attractive markets for lubricant additive manufacturers and suppliers. Growing manufacturing in Malaysia, Vietnam, Colombia, and Chile will further support market growth.

Low production costs, availability of skilled labor, presence of supportive industries, and drive towards domestic manufacturing are among the major factors driving automotive, and industrial sectors in these countries. Further, Middle Eastern countries are also developing large-scale infrastructure projects, which fuels the demand in the building and construction sector in these markets. We anticipate a steady increase in individual and multi-grade lubricant additives in the rapidly emerging industrial markets.

 

Market Opportunity- Rise of Biodegradable Lubricant Additives

Mineral oil-based lubricants and additives pose challenges of high friction, emission of carbon dioxide and other residues, and poor degradability. With countries across the world focusing on reducing carbon emissions, an increasing volume of companies are focusing on the development of environment-friendly, bio-degradable lubricants and additives. Vegetable oil, synthetic-based oils with applications including chain saw oils, hydraulic fluids, outboard motor oils, sawmill oils, and transformer fluids.

However, challenges corresponding to cold-temperature use and storage restrict the wide use of these additives. Accordingly, companies are investing significantly in overcoming the challenges of these additives to market them at commercial scales.

 

Market Segmentation

The global Lubricant Additives Market is segmented into Types, Applications, and Countries.

Automotive Lubricant Additives dominated the applications segment with a 71.2% contribution to the total market size in 2022

The automotive industry continues to undergo constant change with original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) focusing on energy efficiency and developing fuel efficiency for downsized turbocharged engines. This requires sophisticated lubricants and additive combinations to ensure the smooth operation of engines. Companies are developing enhanced fuel economy, LSPI protection, wear protection, and products adaptable to hybrid cars in addition to conventional cars.

In automotive, lubricant oils are primarily used in engine crankcase lubricants, hydraulic fluids, and gear oils. Manufacturers market products to improve the performance of petroleum-derived base oils necessary for efficient operation and prolonged engine life. Advanced lubricant additives are manufactured as a combination of multiple additives to cater to diverse requirements of automotive uses which are affected by engine design, operating conditions, legislation, and source of supply and processing methods of the base oil stocks.

The individual additive is selected for imparting specific functions or is used in combination with other additives for more specific functions. Modern lubricant additives can help to improve fuel efficiency and to reduce CO2 emissions from automobiles by reducing friction, prolonging the lifetime, and maintaining the efficiency of exhaust car emission reduction devices, some modern engine oils are Low (Sulfated Ash, Phosphorus, and Sulfur).

Typical properties in demand in the automotive industry include Reduced engine wear, lower carbon emission, reduced electrical amperage of drive, optimization in fuel consumption, enhanced and stabilized compression, high engine power, and extended oil change intervals.

 

Global Lubricant Additives Market Outlook by Type, US$ Billion, 2020- 2028

Viscosity Index Improvers are the fastest-growing applications during the forecast period

Interest in viscosity index (VI) improvers is increasing significantly as the automobile industry seeks to reduce CO2 emissions and improve fuel consumption. Viscosity modifiers play a vital role in improving the durability of fluids by improving the load-bearing capacity. In addition to modifying oil viscosity, these additives boost load-bearing capacity and also superior dispersant properties.

Lubricant viscosity improvers are high molecular weight polymers and are added to reduce lubricant viscosity changes at extreme temperatures. These lubricant additives create a balance between thickening efficiency and shear stability. They are often used to supplement ashless dispersants and sometimes allow a reduction in ashless dispersant levels.

Multi-grade oils are preferred to mono-grade oils as the viscosity of multi-grade oils is less sensitive to temperature than that of monograde oils. Multi-grade oils have a lower viscosity at low temperatures allowing easier engine cranking and starting than the corresponding monograde oil and as a result improved fuel consumption.

 

Asia Pacific is the fastest growing market for the period 2023 to 2030

Asia Pacific is the largest and fastest growing market for lubricant oil additives worldwide, driven by automotive demand, ongoing drive towards fuel efficiency, and rapid industrialization. Further, recent drive towards environment-friendly products and processes, companies are investing in advanced manufacturing, which will support lubricant additives market growth. However, the market is price sensitive and is characterized by intense competitive conditions, limited product differentiation, and higher buyer bargaining power.

On the production front, global companies are setting up their manufacturing units in Singapore, the leading trade hub in the region, to ease marketing to major consuming markets in Asia Pacific. Singapore, India, and China are among the leading exporters in the region. New independent suppliers are emerging in countries like India, China, and other markets, which will fuel the supply volumes in the region.

On the demand front, countries like Japan and South Korea cater to their domestic demand largely through imports. China, India, and other South East Asian markets are rapidly boosting their automotive production capacities and are witnessing strong demand for lubricants and lubricant additive combinations.

The coronavirus has resulted in a significant demand decline in lubricant and grease demand in China, with suppliers opting for cutting operating rates to avoid inventory pressure. Suppliers from Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates are also facing challenges as most of these companies market their products to Asian buyers.

 

Segmentation

By Type

• Automotive Lubricant Additives
• Metalworking fluids
• Industrial engine oil
• Others

 

By Application

• Dispersants
• Viscosity Index Improvers
• Detergents
• Corrosion Inhibitors
• Friction Modifiers
• Others

 

By Region

• North America (United States, Canada, Mexico)
• Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Others)
• Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Others)
• Latin America (Brazil, Argentina, Others)
• Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Other Middle East, South Africa, Nigeria, Other Africa)

 

Key Players

Leading companies profiled in the study include-

• Afton Chemical Corporation
• Evonik Industries AG
• The DOW Chemical Company
• Chevron Corporation
• Infineum International Limited
• The Lubrizol Corporation
• Italmatch Chemicals S.p.A
• BASF SE
• Croda International PLC
• Jinzhou Kangtai Lubricant Additives Co. Ltd

 

Lubricant Additives Market Outlook 2023

1 Market Overview

1.1 Introduction to Lubricant Additives Market

1.2 Scope of the Study

1.3 Research Objective

1.3.1 Key Market Scope and Segments

1.3.2 Players Covered

1.3.3 Years Considered

 

2 Executive Summary

2.1 2023 Lubricant Additives Industry- Market Statistics

3 Market Dynamics

3.1 Market Drivers

3.2 Market Challenges

3.3 Market Opportunities

3.4 Market Trends

 

4 Market Factor Analysis

4.1 Porter’s Five Forces

4.2 Market Entropy

4.2.1 Global Lubricant Additives Market Companies with Area Served

4.2.2 Products Offerings Global Lubricant Additives Market

5 COVID-19 Impact Analysis and Outlook Scenarios

5.1.1 Covid-19 Impact Analysis

5.1.2 Post-COVID-19 Scenario- Low Growth Case

5.1.3 Post-COVID-19 Scenario- Reference Growth Case

5.1.4 Post-COVID-19 Scenario- Low Growth Case

 

6 Global Lubricant Additives Market Trends

6.1 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) and CAGR (%) by Type (2018-2028)

6.2 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) and CAGR (%) by Applications (2018-2028)

6.3 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) and CAGR (%) by Regions (2018-2028)

 

7 Global Lubricant Additives Market Revenue (USD Million) by Type, and Applications (2018-2022)

7.1 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2018-2022)

7.1.1 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), Market Share (%) by Type (2018-2022)

7.2 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) by Applications (2018-2022)

7.2.1 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), Market Share (%) by Applications (2018-2022)

 

8 Global Lubricant Additives Development Regional Status and Outlook

8.1 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Regions (2018-2022)

8.2 North America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) by Type, and Application (2018-2022)

8.2.1 North America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) by Country (2018-2022)

8.2.2 North America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2018-2022)

8.2.3 North America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) by Applications (2018-2022)

8.3 Europe Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), by Type, and Applications (USD Million) (2018-2022)

8.3.1 Europe Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), by Country (2018-2022)

8.3.2 Europe Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2018-2022)

8.3.3 Europe Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) by Applications (2018-2022)

8.4 Asia Pacific Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), and Revenue (USD Million) by Type, and Applications (2018-2022)

8.4.1 Asia Pacific Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) by Country (2018-2022)

8.4.2 Asia Pacific Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2018-2022)

8.4.3 Asia Pacific Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) by Applications (2018-2022)

8.5 South America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), by Type, and Applications (2018-2022)

8.5.1 South America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), by Country (2018-2022)

8.5.2 South America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2018-2022)

8.5.3 South America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) by Applications (2018-2022)

8.6 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), by Type, Technology, Application, Thickness (2018-2022)

8.6.1 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) by Country (2018-2022)

8.6.2 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2018-2022)

8.6.3 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) by Applications (2018-2022)

 

9 Company Profiles

 

10 Global Lubricant Additives Market Revenue (USD Million), by Type, and Applications (2023-2028)

10.1 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) and Market Share (%) by Type (2023-2028)

10.1.1 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), and Market Share (%) by Type (2023-2028)

10.2 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) and Market Share (%) by Applications (2023-2028)

10.2.1 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), and Market Share (%) by Applications (2023-2028)

11 Global Lubricant Additives Development Regional Status and Outlook Forecast

11.1 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Regions (2023-2028)

11.2 North America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) by Type, and Applications (2023-2028)

11.2.1 North America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD) Million by Country (2023-2028)

11.2.2 North America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), by Type (2023-2028)

11.2.3 North America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), Market Share (%) by Applications (2023-2028)

11.3 Europe Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), by Type, and Applications (2023-2028)

11.3.1 Europe Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), by Country (2023-2028)

11.3.2 Europe Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), by Type (2023-2028)

11.3.3 Europe Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), by Applications (2023-2028)

11.4 Asia Pacific Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) by Type, and Applications (2023-2028)

11.4.1 Asia Pacific Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), by Country (2023-2028)

11.4.2 Asia Pacific Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), by Type (2023-2028)

11.4.3 Asia Pacific Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), by Applications (2023-2028)

11.5 South America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), by Type, and Applications (2023-2028)

11.5.1 South America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), by Country (2023-2028)

11.5.2 South America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), by Type (2023-2028)

11.5.3 South America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), by Applications (2023-2028)

11.6 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), by Type, and Applications (2023-2028)

11.6.1 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), by Region (2023-2028)

11.6.2 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), by Type (2023-2028)

11.6.3 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million), by Applications (2023-2028)

 

12 Methodology and Data Sources

12.1 Methodology/Research Approach

12.1.1 Research Programs/Design

12.1.2 Market Size Estimation

12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation

12.2 Data Sources

12.2.1 Secondary Sources

12.2.2 Primary Sources

12.3 Disclaimer

 

List Of Tables

Table 1 Market Segmentation Analysis

Table 2 Global Lubricant Additives Market Companies with Areas Served

Table 3 Products Offerings Global Lubricant Additives Market

Table 4 Low Growth Scenario Forecasts

Table 5 Reference Case Growth Scenario

Table 6 High Growth Case Scenario

Table 7 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) And CAGR (%) By Type (2018-2028)

Table 8 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) And CAGR (%) By Applications (2018-2028)

Table 9 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) And CAGR (%) By Regions (2018-2028)

Table 10 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Table 11 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue Market Share (%) By Type (2018-2022)

Table 12 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Table 13 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue Market Share (%) By Applications (2018-2022)

Table 14 Global Lubricant Additives Market Revenue (USD Million) By Regions (2018-2022)

Table 15 Global Lubricant Additives Market Share (%) By Regions (2018-2022)

Table 16 North America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2022)

Table 17 North America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Table 18 North America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Table 19 Europe Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2022)

Table 20 Europe Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Table 21 Europe Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Table 22 Asia Pacific Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2022)

Table 23 Asia Pacific Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Table 24 Asia Pacific Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Table 25 South America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2022)

Table 26 South America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Table 27 South America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Table 28 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Region (2018-2022)

Table 29 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Table 30 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

 

Table 31 Financial Analysis

Table 32 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2023-2028)

Table 33 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue Market Share (%) By Type (2023-2028)

Table 34 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2023-2028)

Table 35 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue Market Share (%) By Applications (2023-2028)

Table 36 Global Lubricant Additives Market Revenue (USD Million), And Revenue (USD Million) By Regions (2023-2028)

Table 37 North America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD)By Country (2023-2028)

Table 38 North America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2023-2028)

Table 39 North America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2023-2028)

Table 40 Europe Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2023-2028)

Table 41 Europe Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2023-2028)

Table 42 Europe Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2023-2028)

Table 43 Asia Pacific Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2023-2028)

Table 44 Asia Pacific Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2023-2028)

Table 45 Asia Pacific Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2023-2028)

Table 46 South America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2023-2028)

Table 47 South America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2023-2028)

Table 48 South America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2023-2028)

Table 49 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Region (2023-2028)

Table 50 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Region (2023-2028)

Table 51 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2023-2028)

Table 52 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2023-2028)

Table 53 Research Programs/Design for This Report

Table 54 Key Data Information from Secondary Sources

Table 55 Key Data Information from Primary Sources

 

 

List Of Figures

Figure 1 Market Scope

Figure 2 Porter’s Five Forces

Figure 3 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Figure 4 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue Market Share (%) By Type (2022)

Figure 5 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Figure 6 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue Market Share (%) By Applications (2022)

Figure 7 Global Lubricant Additives Market Revenue (USD Million) By Regions (2018-2022)

Figure 8 Global Lubricant Additives Market Share (%) By Regions (2022)

Figure 9 North America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2022)

Figure 10 North America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Figure 11 North America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Figure 12 Europe Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2022)

Figure 13 Europe Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Figure 14 Europe Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Figure 15 Asia Pacific Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2022)

Figure 16 Asia Pacific Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Figure 17 Asia Pacific Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Figure 18 South America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2018-2022)

Figure 19 South America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Figure 20 South America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Figure 21 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Region (2018-2022)

Figure 22 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2018-2022)

Figure 23 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2018-2022)

Figure 24 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2023-2028)

Figure 25 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue Market Share (%) By Type (2028)

Figure 26 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2023-2028)

Figure 27 Global Lubricant Additives Revenue Market Share (%) By Applications (2028)

Figure 28 Global Lubricant Additives Market Revenue (USD Million) By Regions (2023-2028)

Figure 29 North America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2023-2028)

Figure 30 North America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2023-2028)

Figure 31 North America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2023-2028)

Figure 32 Europe Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2023-2028)

Figure 33 Europe Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2023-2028)

Figure 34 Europe Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2023-2028)

Figure 35 Asia Pacific Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2023-2028)

Figure 36 Asia Pacific Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2023-2028)

Figure 37 Asia Pacific Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2023-2028)

Figure 38 South America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Country (2023-2028)

Figure 39 South America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2023-2028)

Figure 40 South America Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2023-2028)

Figure 41 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Region (2023-2028)

Figure 42 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Region (2023-2028)

Figure 43 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Type (2023-2028)

Figure 44 Middle East and Africa Lubricant Additives Revenue (USD Million) By Applications (2023-2028)

Figure 45 Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches For This Report

Figure 46 Data Triangulation

 

Market Segmentation

By Type

• Automotive Lubricant Additives
• Metalworking fluids
• Industrial engine oil
• Others

 

By Application

• Dispersants
• Viscosity Index Improvers
• Detergents
• Corrosion Inhibitors
• Friction Modifiers
• Others

 

By Region

• North America (United States, Canada, Mexico)
• Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Others)
• Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Others)
• Latin America (Brazil, Argentina, Others)
• Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Other Middle East, South Africa, Nigeria, Other Africa)